RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do ácido salicílico (SA) na aclimatização pré-transplante de populações nativas de tomateiro. SA é um regulador de crescimento que modifica o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, induzindo mudanças nos processos celulares, na fisiologia e morfologia das plantas. Cinco populações de tomate nativo foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno. Usou-se turfa como substrato. As plantas foram mantidas em capacidade de campo continuamente. Após a emergência, aplicou-se nas plântulas, durante três semanas, diferentes concentrações de SA (0,0; 0,01; 0,1; 0,5 e 1,0 μM). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições por tratamento. Os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados foram altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, comprimento do hipocótilo, massa fresca e seca (folhas e caule) e comprimento da raiz e peso fresco e seco. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%) usando o software estatístico SAS. Os dados registrados mostram que plântulas pré-transplante de cada uma das populações avaliadas responderam significativamente (P=0,01) aos tratamentos com SA. Ainda, a comparação das médias de cada um dos fatores em estudo mostrou mudanças positivas. Com as concentrações de 0,5 e 0,1 μM SA, foram obtidos valores mais elevados das variáveis estudadas do que com as concentrações 0,01 e 1,0 μM SA. As populações de tomate nativas pulverizadas com SA em concentrações de 0,5 e 0,1 μM responderam positivamente em termos de crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas. Baseado nesses resultados, os tratamentos SA podem ajudar a aclimatar e apresentar melhores condições de crescimento às mudas antes de serem transplantadas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) application on pre-transplant acclimatization of native populations of tomato. SA is a growth regulator that modifies plant growth and development by inducing changes in cell processes, physiology and morphology. Five populations of native tomato were sown in polystyrene trays. Peat moss was used as substrate and plants were maintained at field capacity continuously. After emergence, seedlings were applied during three weeks with different concentration of SA (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μM). A completely random experimental design was used with five replications per treatment. The growth parameters evaluated were height, stem diameter, number of leaves, hypocotyl length, shoot fresh and dry weight (leaves and stem), and root length and fresh and dry weight. An analysis of variance was carried out, and means were compared with the Tukey test (5%) using SAS statistical software. The recorded data show that pre-transplant seedlings of each of the evaluated populations responded significantly (P=0.01) to the SA treatments. Also, the comparison of means of each of the factors under study showed positive changes. With the concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM SA, higher values of the studied variables were obtained than with the concentrations 0.01 and 1.0 μM SA. The native tomato populations sprayed with SA at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM responded positively in terms of seedling growth and development. Based on these findings, SA treatments can help acclimatize and present better growth conditions to the seedlings before being transplanted.

Abstract Ferocactus pilosus [(Galeotti ex Salm-Dyck) Werdermann] is a cactacea known as biznaga, which shows slow growth and is listed as a species at risk of extinction. The objective of the present study was to carry out an in vitro test in order to study the effect of chemical treatments and growth regulators, as promoters of seed germination collected in two consecutive years. The chemical products studied were H2SO4 and H2O2 and as the AG3, AIA and ANA phytoregulators, under different immersion and concentration times, respectively. The allocation of treatments was under a completely randomized design. For 30 days, the number of seeds germinated every 2 days was recorded and the standard germination was determined. Logistic regression was used to study the effect of the study factors on the proportion of germinated seeds. The standard germination of the biznaga is 82% with the H2SO4 treatment, while the germination of the seed starts between 2 and 6 days after sowing in both years and the representative logarithmic phase is between 8 and 20 days with H2SO4 in 2015. The biznaga seeds sampled in 2016 show greater slowness to cover the initial phase of germination, covered in 16 days. The application of H2SO4 shortened the germination time by 4 days and increased the standard germination by 82%, while the H2O kept the standard germination constant (±50%) and the germination response time was found between 6 and 10 days after the germination, planting in vitro.

Resumen Ferocactus pilosus [(Galeotti ex Salm-Dyck) Werdermann] es una cactácea conocida como biznaga, la cual muestra crecimiento lento y se encuentra catalogada como una especie en riesgo de extinción. El objetivo del presente estudio fuel el realizar un ensayo in vitro con el fin de estudiar el efecto de tratamientos químicos y reguladores de crecimiento, como promotores de la germinación de semillas colectadas en dos años consecutivos. Los productos químicos que se estudiaron fueron el H2SO4 y H2O2 y como los fitoreguladores AG3, AIA y ANA, bajo diferentes tiempos de inmersión y concentración, respectivamente. La asignación de tratamientos fue bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Durante 30 días se registró número de semillas germinadas cada 2 días y se determinó la germinación estándar. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estudiar el efecto de los factores de estudio sobre la proporción de semillas germinadas. La germinación estándar de la biznaga es 82% con el tratamiento H2SO4, mientras que la germinación de la semilla inicia entre 2 y 6 días después de la siembra en ambos años y la fase logarítmica representativa se tiene entre 8 y 20 días con H2SO4 en 2015. Las semillas de biznaga muestreadas el año 2016 muestran mayor lentitud para cubrir la fase inicial de la germinación, cubierta en 16 días. La aplicación de H2SO4 acortó 4 días el tiempo de germinación y aumentó 82% la germinación estándar, mientras que el H2O mantuvo constante la germinación estándar (±50%) y el tiempo de respuesta de la germinación se localizó entre 6 y 10 días de la siembra in vitro.

Abstract Color abnormalities in birds have been receiving increasing attention within the ornithological community. However, it is important to create an appropriate tool to provide criteria to allow the accurate identification of the different types of abnormalities. Towards this end we have developed a dichotomous key for field identification of common abnormalities based on the terminology on the scientific literature and visible phenotypic characteristics of the birds. In addition, we report on color abnormalities in the body and plumage of five species of birds observed in anthropogenically disturbed areas in Tamaulipas, Mexico: melanism in the Inca Dove (Columbina inca), ino in the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), ino in the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), leucism in the Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris), and partial leucism in the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus). Evidence of current cases suggest a significant increase in free-living species with variation in pigmentation. The causes that trigger it are still disputable, therefore, to relate which natural or man-made factors are involved in these conditions will help determine its origin and to detect problems on a population level. This dichotomous key proposed for the identification of abnormalities in pigmentation can be a continuous tool in modern research, standardizing the terminology used.

Resumen Las anormalidades pigmentarias en aves han adquirido mayor importancia e interés entre la comunidad ornitológica; sin embargo, resulta necesario contar con una herramienta de diagnóstico apropiada que brinde los criterios para lograr un sistema de identificación entre los distintos tipos de anormalidades. Para ello, proponemos una clave dicotómica para su identificación en campo con base en terminología obtenida de literatura especializada y una asociación de caracteres fenotípicos de aves. También, reportamos la presencia de anormalidades pigmentarias en la coloración corporal y de plumaje de cinco especies de aves que han sido observadas de forma ocasional en áreas perturbadas por impacto antropogénico en Tamaulipas, México: melanismo en la tortolita mexicana (Columbina inca), aberración ino en la paloma turca (Streptopelia decaocto), aberración ino en el correcaminos norteño (Geococcyx californianus), leucismo parcial en el pijuy (Crotophaga sulcirostris) y leucismo parcial en el tordo de ojo rojo (Molothrus aeneus). Las evidencias de casos actuales sugieren un aparente aumento de especies en vida libre con variación en la pigmentación. Las causas que lo provocan aún son discutibles, por lo cual, relacionar qué factores naturales o artificiales están involucrados en estos padecimientos podrá contribuir a determinar su origen y detectar problemas a nivel de poblaciones. La clave dicotómica propuesta en la identificación de anormalidades pigmentarias puede ser una herramienta continua en contextos modernos, si se unifica la terminología empleada.